I When one is shorted to ground, the amplifiers may not work, or may give the appearance of motorboating at about half volume. I Most modern amplifiers have short stopping ability, and the amp can protect itself.
An open circuit is a circuit through which no current can flow. I Open circuits can be caused by something as obvious as a switch being off or open. I Open circuits can be caused by something not as visible, such as a light bulb filament being burned out open , the voice coil of a speaker being open, or even corroded terminals.
I In any event, in a series circuit, when one device becomes open, the rest of the circuit will not work. I In parallel circuits, only that device which is open will not work while the circuit voltage will still be available for the remaining devices. Example of a series circuit: Certain types of Christmas tree lights in which the whole string goes out if one bulb goes out. Example of a parallel circuit: The lights in your home - if one light burns out, the others remain operational.
Clipping is distortion thats usually caused when a power amplifier is driven into saturation. I Saturation occurs when an amplifiers input exceeds its operational limit. The output signal would be distorted clipped at the top and bottom. Clipping - particularly at high frequencies - will burn out a tweeters voice coil. I Distortion, or clipping, will blow a tweeter faster than too much power or too low a crossover point. While its true that a respectable amount of power to handle the instant demands of musical peaks and valleys is necessary for clipping-free operation, Watts rms into a tweeter designed to take only 50 Watts rms will eventually damage the voice coil.
Section 4 Filters Applied to mobile electronics, a filter is a component, or a combination of circuit components, which select or limit a signal as a function of the signals frequency. I In the simplest of examples, they work like a coffee filter which allows the coffee to pass through the filter, while stopping the ground coffee beans. An electrical filter allows some frequencies to pass through the circuit unchanged, while other frequencies are stopped attenuated by the filter.
A filter is a component or a combination of circuit components which select or limit a signal as a function of the signals frequency. Digital filters are commonly used in Compact Disc players to eliminate noise caused by the sampling clock. Filters are used in numerous applications: 1 Digital filters are commonly used in Compact Disc players to eliminate noise caused by the sampling clock.
I Active filters are used in many low level signal applications, such as tone controls and equalizers. I Passive filters are very effective for reducing engine noise, but the most common use for passive filters are as crossover and equalization networks. Active filters are built with components such as operational amplifiers or transistors in circuits which require some form of external power. Passive filters provide no amplification and are made of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
Passive crossovers are used in many applications in the mobile electronics industry, especially with todays coaxial and triaxial speaker systems.
I A passive crossover separates the amplified audio signal into selected frequency bands. These bands of frequency are then directed to a loudspeaker that is designed for its reproduction.
I A capacitor will send only the highs to the tweeter in a two-way coaxial system, or to the mid and tweeter in a three-way system. I This is a passive crossover in its most simple application.
Using a passive crossover is the most efficient and least expensive way to design a speaker system in which certain frequencies are directed to a tweeter highs or a mid-bass driver lows. I A passive crossover for a basic two-way system consists of one capacitor for the tweeter and one inductor for the woofer.
In a passive crossover for a three-way system, one coil goes in series with the woofer; one coil and one capacitor go in series with the midrange; and one capacitor goes in series with the tweeter. The rate at which a passive crossover blocks or passes frequencies above or below the crossover point is expressed in dBs per octave. I This is usually shown as a crossover slope 6 dB, 12 dB, or 18 dB , or a crossover order 1st order, 2nd order, or 3rd order.
A bandpass filter incorporates both high-pass and low-pass filters in order to limit and attenuate both ends of a frequency range. It will pass signals with frequencies above or below the pass band. A relay is an electromechanical device that uses a coil electro to move switch contacts mechanical.
One of the most important electrical components is the relay. I A relay is an electromechanical device that uses a coil electro to move switch contacts mechanical ; it really is nothing more than an electromagnetically controlled switch. I The coil can be energized with a small amount of power while the switch contacts can be used for any number of applications, including high power circuits or reversing the polarity of a control signal.
The most common applications of a relay are to provide: I Circuit isolation. I Signal inverting. I Logic level shifting. I Transfer switching.
A relay is essentially made up of three separate sections: 1 An electromagnetic coil. Anything that can be done with a switch can be controlled by a relay.
I The primary difference between a simple switch and a relay is that the switch contacts of a relay are controlled by magnetic force the relay coil , while the contacts of a simple switch are controlled by manual force your finger. Switches, like relays, come in all varieties and types. The important specifications of a switch are its: I Contact arrangement.
I Current handling capability. I Switching characteristics. I Switching function. These characteristics should be considered when youre selecting a relay for a particular task. Relays are often used in security system installations to control such things as: I Starter interrupts. I Door locking circuits. I Power window and sunroof circuits. I Flashing parking lights.
I Air horns. I Sirens. I Triggers. I Sensors. I Garage door openers. A modern security system installation usually depends on several relays to make everything work. The main elements of a relay are the coil, the spring, and the contacts. I These elements determine how the relay is to be rated by the manufacturer and used by the installer. I A typical Volt Bosch relay requires a coil current of. Again, ohms law can be used to find the current which will change slightly based on the voltage applied to the coil.
Measuring the resistance and dividing the voltage by the resistance will give you the current. I The relay contacts can switch current up to their rated amperage value, but in most of the mobile electronics applications we will use 30 to 40 amp ratings. I The power gain of this relay is as high as to 1, and is one reason relays are often found in high current automotive circuits.
I In most circuits, a relatively weak control signal or trigger is used to make the relay control a higher current or voltage circuit. An alarm systems output energizes the coil, which magnetically closes or opens the much heavier duty contacts, allowing the desired action to result.
Below is an illustration of the bottom of a Bosch relay the brand weve chosen as an example : A schematic of a Bosch relay looks like this: 87 86 87a The relay Coil 85 and 86 This is what is powered, either by a Volt trigger to 85 or 86 with 86 or 85 to ground, or with a negative trigger common on alarm systems to 85 or 86 , and Volt CONSTANT to the other pin 86 or I Usually, it doesnt matter whether pin 85 or 86 is used for ground or 12 Volt; either way will activate the coil.
This is so that the diode functions properly and protects the driver which activates the relay from the reverse voltage thats generated when the coil field collapses. This is the case when many vehicle control computers activate relays.
Most OEM relays are wired this way. If you also get in the habit of using this method it could help avoid surprise problems in future installations and aid in the diagnosis of OEM related relay problems. I By using either of the above methods, the coil will magnetically actuate, opening contacts 30 and 87a, while transferring the circuit path by closing 30 and One side of whatever is being controlled goes here.
In examining the relay in an electrical circuit, we can see that a conduction path between contacts is physically transferred when the relay is energized. I With the relay not energized and at rest, a circuit exists between the movable contact assembly the common contact and the first stationary contact assembly the normally closed contact. I When the coil is energized, the pole piece moves the movable contact s away from the first stationary contact assembly and physically switches the movable contact s to the second stationary contact assembly normally open contact.
I This movement of the pole piece transfers the circuit path from the movable contact assembly to a second stationary contact assembly. The vehicle battery is a chemical energy storage device and the power source to start the engine. I A battery has many purposes, but one common misconception is that it is the primary source of electrical power while the vehicle is being driven.
I In reality, once the engine is running, the alternator is the primary source of electrical power while the vehicle is being driven. I Although batteries offer only direct current, alternating current is produced by the alternator. This AC is then rectified by diodes into direct current to recharge the battery and supply the vehicles circuits with the necessary power.
The term rectification refers to the process of changing AC to DC current. The vehicles battery is sometimes referred to as the electrical systems largest capacitor. This is due to its characteristic of resisting any change in the voltage across it, and to its ability to be discharged and recharged. These characteristics enable it to smooth out transient ripple currents in a system.
A car lead-acid type battery is made up of six cells. I In a fully charged Volt battery with no load on it open circuit , each cell has a nominal voltage output of 2. I The battery fluid is called electrolyte, which is sulfuric acid and water. I When a circuit is powered by the battery, a chemical reaction takes place inside the cells between its electrolyte and lead plates, and a current flow is established.
I When the battery is recharging, the chemical reaction not only stops, but is reversed, allowing the electrical charging energy to be chemically stored within the cells for later use. I The output power of a battery is determined by its energy storage capacity cold-cranking amps , and the ability of the battery to smooth ripple currents is a function of both its internal resistance and capacity. I As a battery ages, its ability to filter ripple current noise decreases, and its impedance increases.
See battery cutaway in back of book. I Remember that the battery is an electro-chemical device and cannot create current instantaneously, so as current is drawn voltage will decrease. Running a new standard car battery until its dead may result in the batterys reserve capacity being reduced by half.
I Once an automotive lead-acid battery has been deep-cycled, it cannot be recharged to its original specifications. A primary battery can store and deliver electrical energy, but cannot be recharged. Lead-acid automobile batteries are secondary batteries. I A secondary battery can also store and deliver electrical energy, but unlike the primary battery, recharging is possible by passing a direct current through the battery in the opposite direction to that of the discharge.
Expert mechanical installation will be of limited value if you dont use high-quality cable of the correct size for the electrical installation. Remember the water pipe analogy in Section 1? This is a good way to think of signal or current flow through speakers and power cables. I When a large amount of water has to go through a pipe which is too small, it will take longer for the water to go through the pipe, and the full flow of water is reduced.
When a larger, proper sized pipe replaces the small pipe, the same volume of water flows freely, with less resistance. Applying this example to electricity: I The pipe is the power cable, which experiences increased voltage drops if its too small to carry the required current.
The water represents the current flowing. I If the wire is too small or too long, resistance is increased. I As resistance increases, the power cable will start to overheat. The heat could melt the cable and create a hazard to the system and the vehicle. I Also, as resistance increases, the power amplifier at the other end of this small, overworked cable suffers a significant voltage drop. This will not allow the amplifier to get the full voltage and the current it needs to operate properly, which will diminish its output and could easily cause distortion.
As resistance increases, the power cable will start to overheat. Always remember to use the proper size even slightly oversized power, ground, and speaker cables. You will also need a high temperature, multi-strand cable. A flexible gas and oil resistant outer jacket is also desirable.
Never use solid wire in the high vibration environment a vehicle creates. A common misconception is that you can skimp on the ground cable. I The ground cable carries as much current back to its source the battery as the supply cable, and should really have a gauge the same current potential of the supply cable.
Knowing what voltage will be present at the amplifier end of the supply cable i. I If you know the maximum amperage the system is going to draw and the resistance per foot of cable, the voltage drop is easy to calculate.
A flexible, gas and oil resistant outer jacket is also desirable. If you are installing a system which has a Amp draw and using a AWG size 10 cable assume that 10 cable has a resistance of. Think of how this could affect peak amplifier performance! When selecting speaker cables, shielded audio cables, and power cables, select ones using deoxygenated, also known as oxygen-free, copper cable.
I Deoxygenated copper has had nearly all the oxygen removed from the copper during the manufacturing process. The result is less resistance the speaker, amplifier input, and the amplifier itself get more power , and the wiring will not corrode and turn green as normal copper cable will over time or if the vehicle is in a damp or salty environment.
There are four factors that determine the resistance of a cable: 1 The cross sectional area i. Although you cannot control the temperature of a cable, you can do a lot to control the other remaining factors. A transistor transfer-resistor is an electronic switch that can replace or enhance a relay. I A more technical description of a transistor is a solid-state device in which a large output current is controlled by small changes in the input current.
Transistors have three leads: 1 Collector. Through different connections of these leads, a transistor can do most jobs of a relay, particularly when signal inversion is desired.
Transistors come in two types: 1 NPN the NPN silicon type transistor is the one most commonly used in place of a relay. Both types are made from either silicon or germanium. A transistor transferresistor is an electronic switch that can replace or enhance a relay. When used as an amplifying component, transistors heat internally as they control the current in a circuit. I To dissipate this heat, the transistor is mounted to a heat sink, which removes the transistors heat and disperses it over the area of the heat sink.
I Always mount an amplifier in a manner in which it will dissipate heat correctly, this can prevent premature failure of the amplifier. In this case, do not touch it or mount it directly to chassis metal; isolate it or insulate it first before mounting or securing it in place.
Because of their unique isolating capabilities, diodes are being used more and more in the installation bay. I Diodes are perfect for isolating alarm systems from the factory electrical wiring and are also effective for battery isolation and noise elimination. A diode is a two-electrode two-terminal device which allows current to pass through it in one direction only. I The two leads of a diode are the anode and the cathode. I A diode is the simplest of all semiconductors and can be thought of as a one-way electron valve.
The following diagram is of a diode with the leads marked:. When the positive terminal of the voltage source is connected to the anode, the return circuit is connected to the cathode making it more negative than the anode , then current is flowing from negative to positive. I Here, the diode is said to be forward biased. I On a meter, it would read a low resistance.
A diode connected in the reverse manner will not conduct electrons, but will measure a high resistance. I In this case, the diode is said to be reverse biased. I No current will flow in a circuit which has a reverse biased diode.
In the previous diagram, the positive end anode is shown schematically as an arrow. Its important to memorize which is the anode and cathode because circuit diagrams schematics will not tell you. The following diagram shows forward biased:. Also, like transistors, pieces of P or N material are used to form the diode. I When a piece of N negative or P positive material is joined together, a joint called the barrier or junction is formed. I There is a potential difference in the voltages between the materials in this junction called the barrier potential.
I In common silicon diodes, this amounts to about 0. I When a diode conducts there will be a 0. Diodes come in current handling ranges of milliamps.
High current diodes are used in alternators to rectify AC to DC to recharge the battery. When a diode conducts there will be a 0. Unlike resistors, diodes do not have color bands that indicate their ratings.
I The type of diode and its application are noted in the manufacturer directories. I The part number is printed on the diode, and the band at one end of the diode denotes the cathode negative end of the diode. Heres a question you will likely come across when working with diodes: I In the following diagram, is the diode positioned correctly so that the light bulb will turn on when the switch is closed?
The answer is yes, the diode is positioned correctly and the light will turn on. I They are extremely useful as indicators i. I LED s are most often found in red, yellow and green, and are also available in blue.
I In order to avoid self-destruction, a resistor is wired in series with one leg of the LED to limit the current through it. When an LED is forward biased, a voltage drop of about two volts is typical.
I LEDs illuminate with currents of approximately 10 Milliamps and have a life of , hours or more. Section 7 Automotive, Electrical and Charging Systems In Section 1, we introduced the differences between alternating current and direct current. Many people assume that todays vehicles only use DC because car batteries are DC devices. I The main function of the alternator is to recharge the battery and act as the primary source of electrical power while the vehicle is being driven.
I In this section we learn that the alternator generates an alternating current internallyand outputs DC. AC is turned into DC by what is known as a rectifier bridge, which is typically built right into the alternator. A rectifier bridge is made up of diodes. At least one pair of diodes is necessary for each phase of AC. Alternators produce 3 phase AC so rectification to DC requires 6 diodes.
Even a basic rectifier bridge in OEM alternators use a minimum of 6 diodes. Higher output and larger capacity alternators that use more than 6 diodes usually do so in groups of 6, such as 12 or 18 diodes. High output, high performance alternators generally use more diodes than standard alternators or higher current rated diodes or both and are able to handle higher capacity workloads of output.
It is always a great approach to advise the customer before any work begins that an upgraded alternator and battery may be necessary to provide reliable system performance for the audio system and power requirements in question.
Many newer vehicles have computer controlled voltage reference inputs which take voltage data off of the alternator and battery at freeway speeds and in top gear to tweak the output so that the car can maximize fuel economy.
Many Honda and Acura vehicles operate this way. The power wiring of most vehicles falls into four categories: 1 Battery. Battery - wire that comes directly from the battery. I Its first stop, after the starter, is usually the Batt terminal on the keyswitch.
I This wire is electrically hot at all times, regardless of key position. I This lead is often unfused. Ignition - the position just before start, and start. I This lead has power to it when the engine is being cranked and also in the run position, which is the position the switch falls back to after vehicle has been started.
I This is a vital wire to find when installing a security system. Accessory - usually a counterclockwise turn from the off position, and the run position. I It will usually power most accessories, such as radios, wipers, etc.
Start - used to start the engine. I This wire has a voltage on it only when the engine is being cranked. I Releasing the key from the start position puts the key into the ignition, or run position.
I In the start position, ignition voltage is maintained, but all accessories are cut off because all battery power is routed to the starter. I This lead may be unfused. All of these wires can usually be found at the key switch and should be functionally verified with a DMM, not an incandescent type test light, so as not to damage any computers in the electrical system.
If there is no power in the entire system: I Check the main fuse at the battery. I To avoid a short circuit and severe damage to the vehicle - always fuse a power cable at the battery within six inches of the battery.
If there is no power to the amplifier or amplifiers, but other components have power: I Check the fuses for the amplifiers first. I Then, check the main fuse. I Then, check the main fuse at the headunit in the dash. I The vehicle requires a higher output alternator. I The ground wire gauge is too small. I The voltage to the amplifier is too low. I A fuse has blown. I Make sure youre using the correct resistor too low a value and it will overheat and fail.
I When resistors are connected in series, the total resistance is the sum of the resistance of each component. I When devices are wired in parallel, the total resistance is always less than the resistance of the component with the smallest value. If there is a voltage drop in the system: I Is the voltage drop caused by a bad connection? I Is the wire gauge too small? I Look for the source of added resistance. I Remember to use effective resistance - the calculated resistance that a device presents to a circuit while it is operating.
Is there alternator whine? I Poor crimps can cause a ground loop. I Check the alternator. I Check for audio cables which run near high current power wiring.
I Check for passive crossovers installed near factory wiring harnesses. I Measure the ground point potential back to the negative battery post and with each other. I Single point grounding is preferred.
If the input signal voltage is too high to an amplifier: I Add a voltage divider resistor network to the signal cable. If there are burn marks on the areas surrounding a resistor: I Make sure the resistor is not overheating. I Be sure there is adequate airflow around all resistors. Most OEM charging systems BOTH battery and alternator will begin to sustain damage at that level, particularly to the alternators diodes.
I If this is the case, advise the customer before any work begins that an upgraded alternator and battery may be necessary to provide reliable system performance for the audio system and power requirements in question. If tweeters are always blowing: I Install a fuse - wired in series - with the speaker. I To determine the proper amperage of the fuse, youll need to know the ohm load of the speaker as well as its continuous or nominal power rating.
I Check that the output is not clipping, if it is reduce volume or gain. I This is often a symptom of electrical heat related tweeter failures. If speakers are always blowing: I Check that the output is not clipping, if it is reduce volume or gain. I This is often a symptom of electrical heat related speaker failures. I Check that the excursion limit of the speaker is not being exceeded at high volume. I This is often a symptom of mechanical excursion related speaker failures.
If sound quality is poor: I Check for a bad connection or poorly crimped terminal. I Check that the speakers are connected in parallel. I When paralleled speakers are connected to the amplifier, the combined speaker load will have a significant effect on how that amplifier performs.
It may also cause the amplifier to run excessively hot. If too much power is reaching a speaker: I Add a power resistor to reduce the amount of power.
If high frequencies are reaching the subwoofer: I Install an inductor - wired in series - to block the higher frequency signals while allowing the low frequency audio signal to power the speaker this creates a low-pass passive crossover. If low frequencies are reaching the tweeters: I Install a capacitor - wired in series - to block the lower frequency signals while allowing the high frequency audio signal to power the speaker this creates a high-pass passive crossover.
This concludes our discussion of Volt electrical. If youve read each section of this Chapter thoroughly and followed the instructions stated in the Introduction, then you should be well prepared to answer the electrical section test questions on the MECP Basic Installer exam. What are the four different electronic properties you will encounter? A Amps, volts, ohms and joules B Power, voltage, direct current, alternating current C Resistance, voltage, ohms, inductance D Voltage, current, resistance, power E None of the above answers are correct What is voltage?
A The rate of electron flow through a given point B The electrical pressure that moves charged particles in a circuit C The conductivity that various materials possess D The relationship between current, resistance and power E The conversion of energy into work over a certain period of time Which of the following cannot be determined by Ohms Law?
A If a certain gauge wire is too small B If the voltage supplied to an amplifier is too low C If the system requires a more powerful amplifier D If a higher output alternator is needed E All of the above answers are correct. A True B False 5 A watt represents the conversion of one joule per second into A There is no impact B One volt dropped through a connector will reduce voltage to the equipment by one volt C One volt dropped through a connector will reduce voltage to the equipment by two volts ratio D One volt dropped through a connector will reduce voltage to the equipment by three volts ratio E There is an impact, but it is too low to measure 7 Which of the following is a characteristic of a resistor?
A Resists the flow of electrons B Can be added to a signal cable to reduce the input signal voltage to an amplifier C Can reduce the amount of power to a speaker D Converts electrical energy to heat E All of the above answers are correct.
A True B False 9 How do you determine the total resistance of a circuit? A Add up all of the resistances B Multiply all of the resistances C Add the two highest resistances and divide by the lowest resistance D Divide the voltage into the current E Multiply the voltage by the current. A Two passive filters B One passive filter and one active filter C One capacitor for the tweeter and one inductor for the woofer D One bandpass filter E One passive filter and one relay.
The bottom line: Working as a Professional Installer, you have to be able to tackle the challenges that you face in your day-to-day duties.
While that often requires a high degree of creativity, it also necessitates a solid foundation in the basics. This chapter focuses on some basic installation practices, including proper tool use and safety.
These are best practices that every professional installer should follow. Section 1 Basic Installation Practices A professional installation is not just about the quality of your work it also includes your preparedness and professionalism. A true professional understands every aspect of the job from the minute the vehicle arrives, until the job is done.
That means caring for your customers vehicle before, during and after the installation and properly logging anything unique that occurred during the process. How many times has this happened to you? You finish an installation, the customer comes to pickup their vehicleand they accuse you of denting a fender, or soiling their interior!
It happens and if it hasnt happened to you yetit will. But you can be prepared for the inevitable. Here are some steps you can take to guard against this type of liability: Perform a thorough vehicle check-out when it comes into the shop: I Before you begin any installation work, thoroughly inspect the customers vehicle.
I Start with the exterior. I Inspect the trunk. I Inspect under the hood. I Inspect the interior. Note any damage on the repair order. I Make note of any flaws in the paint, body work, scratches, tears or burns in the upholstery anything that you could easily be blamed for later.
Perform a complete function check of the vehicle. I Use your installation worksheet to document accessories that are not in working order. See the Installer Check-out Sheet at the end of this chapter.
Review your findings with the customer before they leave and before you start. I If that s not possible, any problem no matter how minor should be brought to the attention of your shop manager. Note: If you develop an acute eye when examining the body and finish of a vehicle, you may notice dings or scratches the customer never noticed before.
That way, even if the customer doesnt remember that the door was scratched, they cannot blame you for scratching it.
Establish a Personal Dress Code. After youve inspected the vehicle, give yourself a once-over: I Be sure there are no tools in your back pockets that could gouge or rip the interior. I I Its always a good idea to cover the interior with a drop cloth or blanket, and make sure your hands and clothes are free of grease and oil that could stain the interior.
I When the installation is finished, a second inspection should be performed, starting with the function check and working back through the interior and then to the exterior. These precautions take only a few minutes, but can save you and the shop owner from being blamed for damage that existed before the car came into the shop.
Reducing unnecessary damage claims will help lower insurance costs and protect your reputation as a reliable, topnotch installer. At most shops, when the work is done, the job is closed, invoices are filed and thats it.
But what happens if the customer comes back a year later with a question? Without accurate records, you have to start from scratch when determining something that could take just a couple of minutes if that information was recorded on the invoice or repair order.
When the installation is complete, log the following information on the paperwork: I Wire codes for installing alarms. I Wire colors for hooking up power supply leads and power antennas. I Enclosure sizes for subwoofers in specific automobiles. I Templates that are made for special head units, antenna, and speaker installations. Taking a couple minutes at the end of an installation can save you hours of time if records are kept in well-labeled files. In addition to installation information, information on raw-materials sourcing, product sourcing, and people to contact in case of installation problems should be maintained in filing cabinets as well.
It takes a lot of skill and patience to disassemble a dash or door panel and then put it back together with precision. The potential for damage during this phase of the job is enormous and thats why you have to follow special precautions to ensure the job is done right.
First and foremost use the proper tool. I Always use the appropriate tools to disassemble and reassemble a vehicle. I A large, flat blade screwdriver to pry off door panels is not considered a proper tool. I Many tool companies such as Snap-on, Mac, Klein, etc. I This tool and many other tools from the paint and body profession apply directly to installations. A pair of pliers is not the correct tool to loosen the nut on a battery terminal, or a fender-mount antenna an open-end wrench or an adjustable crescent wrench is the better choice.
See Section 5 of this chapter for a list and description of tools. A pair of pliers is not the correct tool to loosen the nut on a battery terminal, or a fender-mount antenna. When disassembling a vehicle, place each part in a labeled box or plastic bin. Advanced Search. Members Search Register Login. Joined: December 16, Location: United States.
However, there's a lot of stuff in there that I have no prior knowledge of, like how capacitors work and such. I not only want to pass the exam, I want to really learn the material. What's the best way to study it? A lot of the concepts are hard for me to grasp. Back to Top. Joined: October 27, Master Asylum Silver - Posts: Joined: November 05, Joined: January 21, Check out how amplifiers work after reading how capacitors work.
Also right here on the12volt. With more than 50, installation technicians tested through the years, the MECP program continues to signify professionalism and expertise in the industry. Your certification demonstrates to employers and consumers that you understand and will uphold industry best practices and standards, and that you are dedicated to your ongoing education in this field.
Learn More. The MECP program educates technicians on installation technique, industry best practices and important functionality of automotive information technology, entertainment, navigation, safety and security systems.
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